Risk Factors for Childhood Asthma Among School Age Children in Urban Semarang

Risk Factors for Childhood Asthma Among School Age Children in Urban Semarang

Dimas Tri Anantyo, MS Anam, Dwi Wastoro Dadiyanto

Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University/

Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang

Background

Childhood asthma is one of asthma manifestation and usually influenced by multifactorial factors such as genetic and environmental. There are many risk factors for childhood asthma

Objective

To determine the risk factor for childhood asthma among school age children

Method

It was a cross-sectional. Subjects were children in a junior high school in Semarang who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data was taken on January 2012 using a questionnaire according to ISAAC, which were demographic characteristics, diagnosed asthma, exercise-induced wheezing, and nocturnal cough. The questionnaire was completed at the school by the children and researchers. Data was analyzed using the software SPSS for Windows v15.0, chi square was used in this study.

Results

Subjects: 553 children, 263 (47.6%) male and 290 (52.4%) female. Median age was 13.08. Prevalence of asthma was 12,2 %.  The risk factors for asthma were economic status (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.19-0.94, P=0.035), asthma history of parents (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.39-5.86, P=0.006), and allergy history of parents (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.68-5.05, P=0.000).

Conclusion

Economic status, asthma history of parents and allergy history of parents of parents were the risk factors for childhood asthma among schoolage children.

Keywords

Childhood, Asthma, Clinical Manifestation, Risk Factors, School Age, Urban

Efek Minyak Atsiri dari Bawang Putih (Allium sativum) terhadap Persentase Jumlah Neutrofil Tikus Wistar yang diberi diet kuning telur

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Minyak atsiri bawang putih mengandung diallyl dysulfide. Dari beberapa literatur dikatakan bahwa senyawa tersebut mampu menekan respon inflamasi dari cedera endotel dengan menghambat pembentukan radikal lipid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek minyak atsiri bawang putih terhadap perentase jumlah neutrofil sebagai penanda inflamasi dari cedera endotel pada tikus wistar.

Metoda: Penelitian eksperimental Post Test Only Control Group Design. Sampel terdiri dari 21 tikus wistar 8 minggu yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok secara random. Kelompok pertama adalah kelompok kontrol yang diberi diet standar (K1). Kelompok kedua diberi diet kuning telur dan diet standar (K2). Dan kelompok ketiga diberi diet kuning telur intermiten selama 2 minggu, minyak atsiri bawang putih 0,5 mldalam 2 minggu, dan diet standar (P).

Hasil: Persentase jumlah neutrofil kelompok K2 (25,43 ± 3,154) lebih tinggi dari kelompok K1 (24,14 ± 3,313) tetapi lebih rendah daripada kelompok P (40,86 ± 5,833). Test dengan One way anova menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antar grup (p=0,04 ; p<0,05). Test post hoc menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok K 1 dengan kelompok P dan juga pada kelompok K2 dengan kelompok P.

Kesimpulan: Minyak atsiri bawang putih dengan dosis 0,05 ml tidak terbukti menurunkan persentase jumlah neutrofil tikus wistar yang diberi diet kuning telur.

Kata kunci: Allium sativum, minyak atsiri, persentase jumlah neutrofil

oleh Dimas Tri Anantyo

Baca juga di http://en.scientificcommons.org/57146289

Baca juga di http://www.scribd.com/doc/78591359/Dimas-Tri-Anantyo

Clinical Symptoms Based on Indonesian Scoring Tuberculosis in Children with Positive Tuberculin Test

Clinical Symptoms Based on Indonesian Scoring Tuberculosis in Children

with Positive Tuberculin Test

Dimas Tri Anantyo, MS Anam, Dwi Wastoro Dadiyanto

Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University/

Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang

Background:

The Respirology Working Group of Indonesian Pediatrics Society has developed a scoring system to make a diagnosis of TB. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) even is not a goal standard but it has a high score in the scoring system.

Objective:

To determine the relationship between the clinical symptoms in the Scoring TB system and TST.

Methods:

Design of study was retrospective. Data was taken from medical records. Subjects were children with positive TST who attended BKPM (Balai Kesehatan Paru Masyarakat=Community Pulmonary Health Clinic) in Semarang and fulfilled the inclusion criteria, during period of July-December 2012. Clinical symptoms observed were: lymph nodes enlargement, close contact of TB person, cough ≥3 weeks, x ray result, fever ≥2 weeks, severe malnutrition, and joint swelling. Statistical analysis used were X².

Result:

Subjects were 145 consist of 72(49,7%) male and 73(50,3%) female.Clinical symptoms found were: lymph nodes enlargement 56(38,6%), contact of TB person 35(24,1%), cough 123(84,8%), x-ray result 52(35,9%), severe malnutrition 47(32,4%), joint swelling 0(0%). Relationship between clinical symptoms and TST: lymph nodes enlargement (p=0,38 95%CI 0,98-1.05), contact of TB person (P=1.00 95%CI 0,97-1,00), cough (P=1.00 95%CI 0,99-1,02),  x-ray result (P=0.36 95%CI 0,98-1,06), fever ≥2 weeks (P=0,46 95%CI 0,96-1,01), severe malnutrition (P=0.32 95% CI 0,94-1,02), and joint swelling (P=1.00 95%CI 0,98-1,00).

Conclusion:

There were no relationship between clinical symptoms in the Scoring TB system and TST

Keywords: Tuberculin test, Clinical symptoms, Tuberculosis Scoring system